On Java, on the other hand, the negligible distance between the Muslim powers of the coastal fringe and the established kingdoms of the interior allowed tension to develop. The Sumatran centres of Islam had commercial ties with other parts of the region, but they were not closely involved in events outside their immediate neighbourhoods.

Economic crisis, public unrest, and the fall of Suharto.

Indonesia from the coup to the end of the New Order.

The French and the British in Java, 1806–15.

Growth and impact of the Dutch East India Company.

Eastern Java and the archipelago from c.

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Java sumatra